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.TH C4.5 1
.SH NAME
A guide to the verbose output of the C4.5 production rule generator

.SH DESCRIPTION
This document explains the output of the program
.I C4.5rules
when it is run
with the verbosity level (option
.BR v )
set to values from 1 to 3.
.I C4.5rules
converts unpruned decision trees into sets of pruned production
rules.  Each set of rules is then sifted to find a subset of the
rules which perform as well or better on the training data (see
.IR c4.5rules(1) ).

.SH RULE PRUNING

.B Verbosity level 1

A decision tree is converted to a set of production rules
by forming a rule corresponding to each path from the
root of the tree to each of its leaves.
After each rule is extracted from the tree, it is examined
to see whether the rule can be generalised by dropping
conditions.

For each rule, the verbose output shows the following figures
for the rule as it stands, and for each of the rules that would
be formed by dropping any one of the conditions:

        Miss - no. of items misclassified by the rule
        Hit  - no. of items correctly classified by the rule
        Pess - the pessimistic error rate of the rule
                 (i.e. 100*(misses+1)/(misses+hits+2))
        Gain - the information gain of the rule
        Absent condition - the condition being ignored

If there are any conditions whose deletion brings about rules with
pessimistic error rate less than the default error rate,
and gain greater than that of the rule as it stands,
then the one of these with the lowest pessimistic error rate
is dropped.  When this happens, the message:

	eliminate test \fId\fR

is given and the new rule without condition \fId\fR
is examined, and so on.

When the rule has been pruned, either the rule is displayed,
or the message:

	duplicates rule \fIn\fR

is given, where \fIn\fR is an identical rule already produced,
and so the new rule is not added, or the message:

	too inaccurate

is given, indicating that the pessimistic error rate of the
pruned rule is more than 50%, or more than the proportion of
the items that are of the rule's class, and so the rule is
not added.


.SH RULE SIFTING

.B Verbosity level 1

The set of pruned rules for each class is then examined.
Starting with no rules in the ruleset, the following
process is repeated until no rules can be added or dropped.
.IP "    1." 7
If there are rules whose omission would not lead
to an increase in the number of items misclassified,
then the least useful of these is dropped.
.IP "    2."
Otherwise, if there are rules which lead to a decrease
in the number of items misclassified, then the one
with the least counterexamples is added.
.TP 0
This is shown in the output as:

    Action  -  the number of the rule added or dropped
    Change  -  the advantage attributable to the rule
    Worth   -  the included rules for this class as:

.IR                n1 [ n2 | n3 =
.IR r1 ]

    with:
.IP "        \fIn1\fR" 11
- the rule number
.IP "        \fIn2\fR"
- the number of items that correctly
fire this rule and are not covered by any other included rule
.IP "        \fIn3\fR"
- the number of items that incorrectly
fire this rule and are not covered by any other included rule
.IP "        \fIr1\fR
- the advantage attributable to the
rule
.HP 0
After the rules have been sifted, the number of items of
each class that are not covered by any rules is shown,
and the default class is set to the class with the most
uncovered items.


.B Verbosity level 2

When sifting rules for a particular class, the Worth of each rule
which is for that class but not included in the ruleset, 
is shown at each stage of the process.

.SH RULE SORTING

.B Verbosity level 1

The rules that are left are then sorted, starting with those
that are for the class with the least number of false positives.
The verbose output shows the number of false positives for each
class (i.e. the number of items misclassified as being of this
class).
Within a class, rules with the greatest advantage are put first.

.SH RULESET EVALUATION

.B Verbosity level 3

When evaluating a ruleset, shown are the attribute values,
given class and class given by the ruleset for each
item that is misclassified.


.SH SEE ALSO

c4.5(1), c4.5rules(1)